{"title":"Aevum Menu: Warfare \u003e Rome, Carthage \u0026 Vikings \u003e Roman Civil Wars","description":null,"products":[{"product_id":"roman-legionary-109-58-bc-the-age-of-marius-sulla-and-pompey-the-great-warrior-182","title":"Roman Legionary 109–58 BC: The Age of Marius, Sulla and Pompey the Great (Warrior, 182)","description":"\u003cp\u003eThe Roman centurion, holding the legionaries steady before the barbarian horde and then leading them forward to victory, was the heroic exemplar of the Roman world. This was thanks to the Marian reforms, which saw the centurion, although inferior in military rank and social class, superseding the tribune as the legion's most important officer. 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Indeed, he is often considered a major catalyst in the death of the republican system. He was an ambitious general whose feud with a rival, Marius, led to his marching on Rome with an army at his back, civil war and the terrible internecine bloodletting of the proscriptions. In these things, and in his appropriation of the title of dictator with absolute power, he set a dangerous precedent to be followed by Julius Caesar a generation later.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLynda Telford believes Sulla's portrayal as a monstrous, brutal tyrant is unjustified. While accepting that he was responsible for much bloodshed, she contends that he was no more brutal than many of his contemporaries who have received a kinder press. Moreover, even his harshest measures were motivated not by selfish ambition but by genuine desire to do what he believed best for Rome. The author believes the bias of the surviving sources, and modern biographers, has exaggerated the ill-feeling towards Sulla in his lifetime. After all, he voluntarily laid aside dictatorial power and enjoyed a peaceful retirement without fear of assassination. The contrast to Caesar is obvious.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLynda Telford gives a long overdue reappraisal of this significant personality, considering such factors as the effect of his disfiguring illness. 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Roman armies had marched victoriously over enemies far and wide, but the Roman heartland was soon to feel the tramp of armies on campaign as the Republic was convulsed by civil war and rival warlords vied for supremacy, sounding the first death knell of the Republican system. At the center of the conflict was the rivalry between Marius, victor of the Jugurthine and Northern wars, and his former subordinate, Sulla. 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Yet despite this success, his surviving opponents still fought on, with the two sons of Pompeius Magnus taking command of the war against Caesar, along with Titus Labienus, previously one of Caesar’s own trusted subordinates. This opposition made another stand at Munda in Spain, which proved to be the final battle of Caesar’s career, and the closest he came to defeat.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGareth Sampson describes the campaigns that set the context for the battle and analyses in detail the opposing commanders and their forces, their relative strengths and weaknesses, organization, equipment, and tactics. 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Mark Antony attempted to seize command of the Caesarian faction and its control of the Roman Republic but faced challenges from two quarters: a renewed Senate determined to rid themselves of Caesarian domination and Octavian, a young man who had claimed the mantle of Caesar’s son. Facing a common enemy, these parties combined to thwart Antony’s attempt to replace Caesar and Italy was ripped apart by two battles fought in quick succession. The Senatorial forces were led by the Consuls Aulus Hirtius and Vibius Pansa, allied with Octavian Caesar, with each side battling for control of the Republic.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe author sets the political context to the battles, showing how the Caesarian Republic collapsed without its late leader and how the Senate seized the opportunity to reassert its independence. He then analyses the strengths and weakness of the various armies and their commanders before giving as detailed an account as possible of the battles themselves. 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Often cast in ideological terms, it is frequently removed from the actual political, social, and economic context in which it happened and portrayed as a symbol of freedom and a precursor of modern revolution. However, the views of ancient historians and the Italian peninsula's populations who experienced the uprising were very different.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis book reconsiders the broader phenomenon of the slave uprisings during the final century of the Roman Republic. Rather than viewing Spartacus and the previous revolts through the lens of modern narratives, Sotirios F. 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These deaths and subsequent events marked the rupture of the constitutional order in the Roman Republic and the beginning of a political crisis. Thus began a political process that would lead, over the span of three generations, to the end of the res publica, a transition of endless violence, ransacking, and destruction, including three bitter and bloody civil wars.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eInternal politics in Rome in this period was fueled by social conflict, the confrontation between two political alignments—the Optimates and the Populares—each headed by an eminent figure and was characterized by sectarianism and (factional) intolerance. It was characterized by speeches delivered in the Senate, in the streets, and in the courts with solemnity and intensity but equally by the daggers that flashed in the hands of conspirators and assassins; by street riots, with thousands of victims; by real or alleged coups d’état, with ferocious mass repressions; by summary executions; by victims abandoned to the fury of the mob; of widespread civil wars whose battles intertwined with those against enemies abroad; manhunts, horrendous crimes; the system of legalized killings that aimed at the annihilation of political opponents known as proscriptions; corruption; and brutal and mass killings.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis book discusses this tumultuous period in Rome between 133 and 78 BC, covering the plots of the Senate of Rome against the Gracchi and their violent ends, the mysterious death of Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus, destroyer of Carthage and of Numantia, the ferocious lynching of Lucius Apuleius Saturninus, the seditious tribune of the plebs, the civil war between Marius and Sulla, including the siege and capitulation of Rome and Marius’ reign of terror, ending with the definitive victory and proscriptions of Sulla.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbbreviations\u003cbr\u003ePreface\u003cbr\u003eIntroduction. The Roman state and its constitutional organs: a brief summary\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eI. A bloody reform\u003cbr\u003eII. The politicization of justice\u003cbr\u003eIII. The Italian question\u003cbr\u003eIV. A mysterious death\u003cbr\u003eV. The massacre on the Aventine\u003cbr\u003eVI. Lynching!\u003cbr\u003eVII. An excellent crime\u003cbr\u003eVIII. The Social War\u003cbr\u003eIX. Sulpicius’ tribuneship\u003cbr\u003eX. The outbreak of civil war\u003cbr\u003eXI. Marius and Cinna capture Rome\u003cbr\u003eXII. Marius’ reign of terror\u003cbr\u003eXIII. The death of Marius\u003cbr\u003eXIV. 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